Tutorial answers

If the system already exists, different scenarios can be tried using he model before tests being carried out on the real system. Alternatively if the system does not exist, the model can be used to help decide on the final design of a system. Often there are constraints on the design that need to be investigated e. G. Constraints on cost, space, etc. Modification to systems once they exist can be expensive hence it is important to try and get design of systems ‘right-first-time' and this is where modeling and simulation can be useful engineering tools.Example: see lecture notes weekly under section Why is modeling important ?. 2 See notes 3. Components of system Inputs Outputs States Environment Tank Valve Pipes Inlet Flows of A and B Liquid level Level change in tank Upstream of inlet to tank and downstream of outlet valve 4. See notes 5. See notes 6. Bookwork (as coursework 1) TUTORIAL ANSWERS 2 El . A proportional relationship for a component is here considered to be an unch anging relationship (and is often referred to in modeling terms as a constitutive or physical relationship).These are the natural physical laws which the individual components of the system obey e. G. For an electrical system, the relationship between voltage and current and in the special case of an ideal resistor – Ohm's Law FRR. I E. Kerchiefs Current Law : algebraic summation of all currents flowing into a junction of a network is zero. Kerchiefs Voltage Law: algebraic summation of all voltages acting around a loop of a circuit is zero. Examples – see section 2. 2. Of lecture notes. E. The impedance of an element is its voltage:current ratio.Multiple Choice: Electrical Systems El(b) E(C) Problems: Electrical Systems El . 3. 3 0, Ohm's Law is obeyed since the resistance is constant as the voltage varies Q. 40 A E. IV E. (a) 4. 4 0 (b) 16 (c) 4. 4 E. (a) 0. 68 V (b) 0. 47 V (c) 0. 34 V E. (a) 0. 2 V, 205 ma (b) 1. 03 V, 52 ma (c) 1. 16 V, 193 ma E. = 30/84 v = 0. 357 *12 volts = 4. Volts E. VI = 366/191 = 1. 92 V, TUTORIAL ANSWERS 3 MI . (I) spring f = xx= k(XSL -xx) where x is the displacement (or extension) and k is the proportionality constant called the spring constant with units of force/displacement e. . N/m. Damper f = BE k(FL – vi) where v is the velocity and B is the proportionality constant called a viscous friction coefficient or constant. Its dimension is force/velocity e. G. NSA/m. MM. See lecture notes. The force balance law demands that (a the acceleration). Analogies: This is analogous to Kerchiefs voltage law, particularly if one treats the inertia acceleration as an equivalent force. Note: In order to model a mechanical system, the usual practice is to form a free body diagram around each inertia (mass) component.One will then end up with a set of simultaneous differential equations, the solution of which dictates the dynamics and constitutes the system model. In the case where there are no mass components, then ensure a force balance at selected points in the system. That is the net force acting on any point must be zero, I. E. Multiple Choice: Mechanical Systems MI . G) MM. (a,b) Problems: Mechanical Systems MI. O. AN MM. 0. 05 arms Question/ Variable (NSA/m) 812 834 Biota I 2 1217 24/19= 1 . 263 4 15/8 60/47 = 1 . 276 Questions: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH .A system is said to be in equilibrium when its behavior is steady I. E its output and inputs are unchanging. For the liquid level system with an inlet and outlet flow, this corresponds to the inlet and outlet flows being the same. Multiple Choice: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH. (b) TFH. (c) Problems: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH . The flow cannot be assumed to be laminar as the proportionality constant is not inner as the flow increases through the pipe I. E. I/R resistance (Pa. s/mm) 3 TUTORIAL ANSWERS 4 IQ .Methods that can be used to determine the gradient of the straight line at t=2 sec are: (I) plot a graph and determine where t=2 or (it) differentiate x(t) with respect to t and substitute t=2. Q. (a) Q. See lecture notes Q. Completing the table gives: Electrical Component Equation Mechanical Component Rotational Component Inductor Inertia Rotating inertia Resistor Damper Capacitor Spring Torsion's spring Q. (a) Using free body diagram on the mass-damper system of Fig. 5. 1, the mass and ampere can be considered to be in parallel.Force balance gives: where: Hence: (b) Similarly for the spring-damper system of Fig. 5. 2 Force balance gives: where: , (c) For the rotational pulley of Fig. 5. 3, a torque balance is required: Torque balance gives:and where:, , Q. (a) For a resistor and capacitor in series of Fig. 6. 1 Apply Kerchiefs Voltage Law gives: (b) For a resistor and inductor in series of Fig. 6. 2 where: , , (c) For a 5 resistors and a capacitor system of Fig. 6. 3, observe that this is nearly the same system as shown in Tutorial Sheet 2 Problem E but with the addition of the opacity.Hence: where: with and H ence as in Qua. : Q. Q. Material balance on tank: rate of change of mass floodwater = mass flow in – mass flow out assume constant density 0 and area: Given: , A = 7 mm, R = 0. 14 her/mm and Sin = 100 mm/her substituting gives: Tutorial Answers 5, 6 IQ Bookwork straight from notes: Ask in a tutorial if stuck and/or use MENTAL to generate solutions and check against you work. E. G. For 1st of these t=alliances(O,2,100); ext=subs(x,t); fugue(l reset Q: Throughout Q assume a model of the form Steady-state is 0. 6. Initial value is -1. Rise is given as 1. . 63% of rise is given by which implies x(t) has this value at about t=O. 25 sec and therefore T=O. 25, Steady-state is 30. Initial value is 2. Rise is given as 28. 63% of rise is given by 0. 63*28=17. 64 which implies x(t)=19. 64. X(t) has this value at about t=5 sec and therefore T=5, k=30. Steady-state is 50. Initial value is 20. Rise is given as 30. 63% of rise is given by 0. 63*30=18. 9 which implies x(t)=38. 9. X(t) has th is value at about t=50 sec and therefore T=50, k=50. Q: Maximum current is at t=O and given as V/R: Therefore R=V/I = 5/0. 004 = mashes.Time constant is given by ARC, so T=ms implies that C=. 005/1250 = 4 micro. Q: Parameters give a time constant of cosec so after 30 sec aircraft at 95% of steady-state land speed. 1 MPH is the same as mutterer pH or (1609/3600)m/s MPH is the same as mom/s Steady-state is given as f/B. Therefore min f required is BIB [ scaled by (11. 95) to be precise]. Q: Model is Bad/dot +xx=f or (B/k) DXL/dot +x =f/k Desired time constant is about 0. Sec, therefore (B/k)=O. 8 so k=NON/m Steady-state displacement is given as (1 /k)f = 0. 04, and therefore f=AN is required. Tutorial Answers 7 1 .Find the Lovelace transform of the following signals: Students should use MENTAL to check their working here, e. G. Ray the command: 2. Use partial fractions, a lookup table and inverse Lovelace to find the underlying signals with the following transforms. Students should us e MAT to check their working, e. G. 3. What is the final value for signals with the following transforms? Use the Pit but note that: (I) there is no final value if the signal is divergent which is the case for 5th (obvious from negative sign) and (it) for convergent signals, the final value must be zero if there is no integrator.Hence only 2nd and 6th have a non-zero values which must be 4 and 0. 5 respectively. 4. Which of the following transforms has the fastest settling time? What are the settling times to within 5% of steady-state? Time constants are negative inverses of poles. One can estimate time to 5% error as approximately three times slowest time constant (exact for 1st order but no strict generalization when many poles due to uncertainty about partial fractions). Time constant is the negative inverse of the pole. So pole at -0. 25 gives T=4, etc. 5. Sketch the poles and zeros of the following transforms on an Regard diagram.By marking the LAP and RAP clearly, hence determ ine which represent stable and unstable behavior. Students should use MENTAL to check their working for his, for example, doing 4th as follows will produce a fugue with poles marked in Y and zeros in ‘o': Systems are stable if and only if all the poles are in the LAP – the origin is counted as being in the LAP. The positions of the zeros do not affect stability. Tutorial Answers 8 1 . The inverse Lovelace transform of a transfer function is called the â€Å"impulse response function†. If a system has an impulse response function given by g(t) t(l-sin(t)).Compute its transfer function, G(s). 2. Use Lovelace methods to solve the following ODE equations. 3. Give examples of type O, type 1 and type 2 systems. Has does this affect the expected behavior? Bookwork 4. Which of the following transforms for 1st order ODES has the highest gain? What are the gains? What are the time constants? Determine and sketch the step responses for each of these. Gains are 4, 3, 1. 5 an d 1. 125 respectively. Time constants are 4, 0. 2, 1. 25, 0. 5 respectively. As these are 1st order, sketching step response follows same procedures as tutorial 5,6.Tutorial Answers 9, 10 1 . Bookwork – read some control text books to broaden your views on the uses and potential of control. 2. This is also straight from the notes but your understanding will also be improved by some wider reading. Don't Just stick to your main discipline, but look at examples from chemical, aerospace, automotive, medical, electrical, biological, etc. 3. Straightforward application of the Pit. 2nd set has an integrator and hence the offset is known to be zero. Otherwise, use formula. Confirm this with MENTAL, I. E. Plot is seen to settle at 0. 52 4. The 1st part is taken direct from the lecture slides so not repeated here. The closed-loop time constant and rise time are: Time constant +AKA), closed-loop game = AKA/(I+AKA), where A=4/5, -r=o. 2 Hence 0. 2/(1 +K/5)O. 8 which gives K >4+3. K or 0. K>4 or K>5. Confirm this using MENTAL, ii. Use G=TFH(4,[1 %% plot in a figure It is clear that the time closed loop pole polynomial is (s+ [1 +AKA]/T) and hence the pole is in the LAP for all positive K which implies closed-loop stability. Discussion of large K is bookwork – read some text books. 5.This question is designed to make a student think and experiment. To meet specifications, the closed-loop is given as Clearly the steady-state gain is unity as expected so the offset requirement is met. The closed-loop poles are determined from the roots of the denominator and we want the poles to be to the left of -2. 5 ‘e. (s+2. 5) is equivalent to (0. As+1). Both roots can be placed at 2. 5 if In the future students will recognize that lower values of K will give a slower pole and higher values of K will give rise to oscillation. 6. Standard question.Form closed-loop transfer function and find characteristic polynomial for all 3 cases. You will need to do the partial frac tions for all 3 and sketch, but you can use MENTAL to check your answers. E. G form the three closed-loop transfer functions and then type feedback(GO,GO,GO) to see all 3 together. N.B.: 63 is seem 2 content. Clearly Just proportional is fastest, but gives a large offset. GIG is smooth (2 real poles) ND no offset. But poles are well spaced so this is conservative. 63 has similar response time to GIG (same slowest time constant), but has complex poles and thus oscillation.Conclusion, PI is best! Typical exam type question outline answer a) Let the internal temperature be given as T degrees. The rate of heat supplied is given as: The heat loss OHIO(T+50) Hence the temperature is given by: In steady-state we desire T=20 which implies that b) If the external temperature drops by 10 degrees, then the model becomes: which implies the new steady-state temperature will be 6 degrees! The time constant is clearly 1000 sec. Students should sketch a graph showing the temperature moving from 20 to 6 with the appropriate time constant. ) If the heat input from the passengers is increased, the model becomes In the case, the change in temperature is negligible which suggests that for this scenario the key factor is the external temperature and heaters rather than any heat coming from the passengers. D) Clearly the open-loop choice of voltage does not maintain the temperature correctly in general and so some control is needed. It is known that the correct steady-state can only be achieved in the presence of uncertainty if integral action is included.The steady-state error too change in desired temperature is given by because K(O) is infinite, irrespective of changes in the gain of G or disturbances such as changes in external temperature! Students should first put the equations for the model and integral control law into Lovelace transforms about the steady-state: Hence The closed-loop transfer function is given as Students should validate that the time constants are reasonabl e and that the closed- loop is stable! The time constants are given from the roots of the closed-loop denominator. Students should note that these are similar to the original time constant and thus satisfactory.

SALES PROMOTION PROJECT OF KURKURE Essay

SALES PROMOTION PROJECT OF KURKURE Launched in 1999, this perfect ‘namkeen’ snack, fully developed in India, has become the torch bearer of fun and lovable human quirks. It developed an even stronger identity through celebrity associations with Juhi Chawla [2003] and Kareena Kapoor [2008] Named after the Hindi word for â€Å"crunchy†, Kurkure is a cheeto-like snack and is the flagship of Frito Lay’s Indian division. It is marketed by Hirani Industries Corp. (USA incorporated company)in Kenya. It is one of the most popular food products in India today. 4 Different flavours They are Masala Munch (orange pack), Green Chutney Rajasthani Style (light green pack), ChilliChatka (dark green pack) and Tamatar Hydrabadi Style (brown pack) Kurkure was Frito Lay’s first big hit in India and succeeded by making a host of Indian flavours possible and popular in a finger snack. Kurkure is a crunchy new age namkeen snack brand whichsymbolizes light hearted fun. Embodying the spirit of India, Kurkure has found a home in the hearts& minds of all and enjoys the position of a strong Lovemark brand in India Over the years, Kurkure has journeyed effortlessly from being a snack with a twist to being anintegral part of the tea time menu to being an embodiment of lovable human ‘imperfections’ or ‘tedhapan’ Product strategy Building trust and connection by informing the consumers of the authentic ingredients that go intothe product. Kurkure is a new age Namkeen and made of edible ingredients including rice meal,corn meal, gram meal, edible oil, seasonings, salt, spices and condiments and flavours. Its Snack Smart initiative to cut out trans-fat from its products by using rice bran oil which cuts saturated fat by 40 per cent. Kurkure has 40% less Saturated Fat, Zero Trans Fats and No Added MSG Pricing Competitive pricing Strategy was adopted by the company in order to establish the brand inIndian markets. Introduction of smaller packs targeted towards  small quantity consumers andmiddle/ low income customers. Price Range Small Rs 5/- Medium Rs 10/- Large Rs 20/ Rs.3 packs encourage consumers in rural areas. Sales Positioning Kurkure is also positioning itself on the basis of its usage. Its promotional campaigns urgeconsumers to use it on. Daily basis At lunch Dinner Anytime, anywhere Servings With Chaat With tea With Raita With drinks Occasions Parties and celebrations Unique Selling Preposition Desi brand nam: Easy to identify with Kurkure is a synonym of a crunchy food stuff. Infact a brand by the name TakaTak : tried to imitate it but failed miserably. Launching its product in indian flavours, which differentiated it from their competitor itsunique advertisements which features the bubbly Juhi Chawla. Innovative flavor, affordable price and continuous communication to consumers Kurkure’s success in the Indian market is mainlyfor three reasons namely innovative flavor, affordable price and continuous communication toconsumer. To meet the regional requirements Kurkure is launched in various flavors like Masala,chilli, green chutney etc. Special (Limited) Edition Pujo Special:Jhajhalo Hit – Released in West Bengal for Durga Puja, 2007 Ganeshotsav Special:Usal Pao – Relesed in Maharashtera for Ganesh Utsav PACKAGING Style and design matter a lot on the outcome and response of the product. ‘Kurkure’ as the product(inside the pack and outside wrapper) has much attractive and catchy colors style and design whichattracts the customers alot.Kurkure is available in the market in 3 different packing. Kurkure comes in the air tight packingand packing material of Kurkure is of high quality so that product will remain fresh and its tastekeeps secure up to more than four months. Kurkure has different flavors in the market so the eachflavor has its own unique packaging color combination according to its taste. Basic color combinations are in green and red colors which all are eye catching.Kurkure is available to the consumer only in primary packing. No secondary packing is using.However they are delivered in container packing from production plant to shopkeepers or retailers,which carries 48 packs. Kurkure is available in three different sizes 19 gm 38 gm 75 gm Promotion Strategy Kurkure – Tedha Hai Par Mera Hai Slogan: â€Å"Chai time masti time† Named after the Hindiword for â€Å"crunchy†, Kurkure is acheeto-like snack and is the flagship of Frito Lay’sIndian division. It is marketed by Hirani Industries Corp. (USA incorporatedcompany) inKenya. It is one of the most popular food products in Indiatoday.In November 2006,Frito Lay announced plans to release Kurkure to American markets sometimein 2007. This decision was made after analysts showed increasing interest in Indian spices in theUSA. Also the introduction in other markets with a non-resident Indian population such as the UK was planned.In India, actor-celebrity Juhi Chawlaadvertises Kurkure. Range â€Å"Kurkure Flavors† Masala Munch Naughty Tomato Chilli Chatka Green Chutney Rajasthani Style Hyderabadi Hungama â€Å"Kurkure Desi Beats† Deewana Tamatar Dildaar Masala To mark 10 years of its existence, Kurkure, FritoLay’s Indian innovation in the salted snack market,is changing tracks, says Sayantani Kar.It came out in December with a print campaign which told readers how Kurkure is made from whatcan be found in any Indian kitchen, underlining that the ingredients are as wholesome as what goesinto home-made food FritoLay Marketing Director Deepika Warrier says: â€Å"We wanted to demystify Kurkure for the consumers. That meant building trust and connection by informing them of the authenticingredients that go into the product. We will have more surprising and untried ingredients in our product this year.† She says the print ad has already generated a positive response, and expects sales to go up 20 per cent. The†Kurkure Chai Time Achievers† campaign: This was the first of its kind campaign in India, launched in May 2007 aiming at promoting versatile usage of Kurkure. Powered by an exciting commercial showcasing crazy consumers trying to grab the ‘Kurkure frame’ – their ticket to famedom, this campaign truly gives consumers a taste of Kurkure in the most innovative way!! Leading to replacement of Juhi on the Kurkure packs with pictures of their own and their near and dear ones, it gave the consumers chance to become celebrity overnight by printing their photographs and recipes on a million Kurkure packs. The company claims to have received an overwhelming response, with over 100,000 recipes pouring in ,within just 6 weeks. For a brand holding out the reward of instant fame to its  consumers, Kurkure has indeed delivered on its promise. Volumes shot by 20% in just one month. Sales have increased by 19% over last year. KURKURE TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENTS In 2004 it launched the â€Å"Kahani mein Kurkure† (â€Å"Crispiness in the Story†) campaign, which was atake on Indian popular culture. The advertising campaign spoofed popular Indian TV shows likeJassi Jaissi Koi Nahin and Kyu ki saas bhi kabhi bahu thi, to appeal to Indian housewives, thelargest target audience to watch these programs.In addition to targeting housewives, who play a significant role in making purchase decisions, the brand appeals to the Indian family as a whole. The â€Å"Kurkure Chai Time Achiever’s Award† was acontest launched by the brand where families were invited to submit interesting recipes made withKurkure. The winning family would have the opportunity to be famous and have their photographfeatured on one million Kurkure packs.This direct marketing campaign was supported through television advertising, where Indiancelebrity Juhi Chawla, Kurkure’s brand ambassador, announced the winners of the competition. Thecontest was also publicized through the website http://kurkure.co.in, specifically designed to promote the contest. Using the website as a strategic tool for promotion helped the brand appeal to ayoung audience that spends a considerable amount of time surfing the web Kurkure express Another novel branding initiative was a tie-up with South Western Railways in India to have trainscalled the â€Å"Kurkure Express.† These were special trains that operated only during the holidayseason. The brand was featured on reservation charts, coach indication slips, and during anyannouncements about the train. This outdoor media was a unique way to target families who travel by train during the holidays. Distribution Channel Adopted by Kurkure Distribution is also one of the key parameters for expanding market share. Frito-Lays hasthe advantage of access to Pepsi’s a formidable distribution network .Generally Companies arehaving their sales vehicles that are loaded on daily basis and are distributed to local retailers. Somecompanies appoint  Distributors. Distributors have to give a proposal with a market research likestorage facilities, infrastructure, and retail outlets in area, market leader, types of products availablein the market etc. The Kurkure products are delivered to the retailer twice a week. The products aregenerally sent in Boxes on an average each box contains 80 packs of 30 gm or 30 packs of 150 gm.Distributors are solely responsible for the sales in the particular area he is operating in.Every Distributor should have a specified number of minimum shops in his area. Distributorsgenerally have small vans (rickshaws) and employ salesmen on commission basis who loads the products from the distributor’s storage and distributes it amongst the retailers. It services one-lakhretail counters across the country by employing a total strength of 300 sales personnel anddistributors nationwide. HOW TO IMPROVE FUTURE GROWTH The company can occupy a huge number of customers by keeping in mind about the preferences and needs of customers regarding tastes and flavors, By introducing new tastes, flavors and retaining the quality standards can attract consumers of other brands and pull them towards itself by leaving other competitors far behind and getadvantage over them. By delivering valued trade promotions to wholesalers and retailers, company can capture this huge segment. This will allow Kurkure to stay in market effectively and people will order more quantity due to its increased demand by customers The company should try to expand its wings to cover towns, villages, cities; making it available to everybody The entire unorganized Farsan sector, Dhokla, Khaman, Kachoris, & all the eatables thatcould be had as snacks in Parties, while watching Movies, Cricket matches are substitutes to KURKURE SO kurkure can bring up flavours which can match the taste of all these items to boost up the sales.

SLP 3 HRM - 402 Designing Training Programs Essay

SLP 3 HRM - 402 Designing Training Programs - Essay Example It must be noted that adult learners are rarely passive learners meaning that they tend to work very hard in and out of the classrooms. This is because most of them tend to fund their own studies and some are receiving support from their employers. Time is indeed a very important factors for the learners since they are trying to juggle among many things at the same time. In this case their interaction with the trainers should be very active so as to save on their time and resources. Adult learners have life skills and experiences that are reflected in their coursework and what they expect from their programs. These people have wide range of experiences that they wish to apply in the course of their study as well as questions that they wish to be answered appropriately. Furthermore, the courses must be relevant and timely for such a learner to find them valuable. Time constraints is another factor that need to be taken into consideration when designing training programs for adults. These are people who have to handle many things at the same time hence they do not have much time to spare as opposed to young learners. In many cases, those who design the training programs often mistakenly just factor in time constraint as work hours available during the design phase. This leads to work-around which include cases like holding classes or lectures afterhours or on weekends which does not go well with adult learners. As a result, one need to consider prioritizing the actual work that the adult learners are engaged in and then allocate time in a manner that will be favorable to all the learners (Akhila, et al, 2011). Employers need to provide incentives to employees so as to encourage them to take an active role in the training process. When new information needs to be learned or processes and understanding need revised, it is best to reinforce this learning and provide incentives as well. When someone gets to

Answer the three question separately Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the three question separately - Assignment Example The people have the ultimate voice in choosing the source of government authority, which drives its right to govern from their consent. The people have their freedom of speech with the government and know their rights. The most important key that the opposition plays is also to push the government to set a balance wage, to all employees within the country. To ensure that the society is democratic, the primary values of constitutional democracy have to mirror human dignity, freedom of individuals, and the worth of every person within the society. To begin with challenging the ideas that the only proper criterion, in which a decision would be judged. Therefore, this right should be complete to life aspects such as employment rights, social rights, health care, the economy, and education. Every, individual including children, young people, and both women and men of older age have their rights. Additionally, democracy creates a further income of sources within the counties to ensure that every resource is protected. This may include cash crops, or any resources that may bring funds in the society, whether in rural or urban areas. However, the most important component of constitutional democracy is its highest purpose in securing freedom, which has the highest value in healthy functioning of a country. This is necessary since every individ ual working late hour while running a business or any companies that operate in the night requires the freedom to operate. Democracy gives good protection of people’s properties to the security of the government. However, constitution laws do not rely on one side of politics or any other political parties. The Constitution allows judges to rule according to the constitution rights of the human. Hence, if the court fails to rule on their complaints with constitutional rights, they would be able to protest

Managerial Applications of Technology (Virtual Workforce) 2 Assignment

Managerial Applications of Technology (Virtual Workforce) 2 - Assignment Example Technology is also the backbone of virtual working because it provides applications and appliances that enable such endeavors. Using remote workers can bring flexibility to a business organization as it will not have to depend on the state of their premises or the accessibility of their premises. Virtual employees do not need any physical office, making the financially advantageous to an organization. Due to fact that virtual employees have no geographical restriction on where they are supposed to work they sometime have higher productivity as compared to the physically available ones (Marquez, 2008). For example, virtual workers do not have to spend time travelling to the offices. The disadvantages of using virtual include the fact that monitoring them is usually a hard task. It is also hard in bringing them to be part of collective efforts by the other members of the workforce. Good strategies can help an organization in minimizing the disadvantages and maximizing the advantages of using virtual workforce. In hiring virtual workers a company should make sure that they hire self-motivated and self-disciplined individuals (Gillis, 2003). There should also be frequent and meaningful communication between an organization and their virtual employees. This will be important in monitoring their progress. Giving virtual employee targets to meet after a given duration will help in making sure that they are able to maximize their contribution to the organization. Hill, E. J., Ferris, M., & MÃ ¤rtinson, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(2),

Whether Qumran was a Male Only Celibate Community or Not Research Paper

Whether Qumran was a Male Only Celibate Community or Not - Research Paper Example However, Qumran was not a male dominated society according to my intuition and analysis of some documented evidence regarding this community and in reading the arguments of other scholars. Research that has been done on the scrolls indicated the there is a linkage between the site and building complex, found immediately below the cliffs, and the caves, including the scrolls found inside them. The evidence gathered also does establish the way of life for this community. Qumran has been depicted as an aristocratic society as is opposed to the sectarian center. The available data shows that the inhabitants of this area took part in some communal activities and certain rites of religion. We need to establish the way this site could have influenced the lives of the community of Qumran as seen in some sectarian scrolls (Magness 8-56). Qumran and the issue of celibacy based on scrolls Qumran was initially established due to the need for a fortress for Hasmonaean, according to some scholars. It was then given to the Essenes following the taking over of power by Herod and immediately rituals of sacrifices came to rise up to until the period when the Essenes did leave the sacrifice rituals. This led to the use of the site by the Essenes as a cult center and was fully occupied with temple affairs and sacrifices. The coming of Judea’s destruction by romans led to the Essenes abandoning the sacrifices. Central to the purposes of this study are the cemeteries. This is because they have been singled out as being pivotal to verifying that indeed the sect occupying this site was celibate. In the main cemetery, there are 1100 graves that have been discovered marked with piles of stones and are neatly arranged. Twenty-six graves were excavated at the time of Jordanian occupation and found to have only males. However, female and children’s graves were identified outside the main cemetery. Other graves from secondary cemetery on the north side of Khirbet Qumran were e xcavated and out of the two that were opened, there was one male and one female. Another cemetery was located on the south of Wadi Qumran and noted to have thirty graves. One of these graves was found to have remains of a woman and three were for children. One question though still remains as to how this community would not have practiced celibacy when there is evidence of misappropriate male numbers. It is possible that Qumran did serve as the center for studies for the sectarians and thus the men did leave their families away to go for studies at Qumran. To that extend, we could argue that there was only a limited number of people who decided to fully live there and run family life hence the small number of women and children discovered (Charlesworth 213–33). It is true that we cannot dismiss the eventual emergence of the Essenes in the Qumran community. The only fact is that scholars who try to push for a celibacy thought as far as this community is concerned seem to have some inherent interest that could be alien to the practice of the mainstream Judaism. Even if we do tie the community to the existence of Essenes, we still reach a point where there is no congruency in our argument based on the two when it comes to the topic of marriage and celibacy. From the studies I have done on papers presented on the same issue, I find that the depiction of this community as one that had a total rejection of marriage is not founded on strong grounds since there have been records of those Essenes who were not ready nor willing to abandon marriage for the

Media Coverage of Women's sports Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Coverage of Women's sports - Dissertation Example This research is intends to bring to light how the media contributes in the exclusion of women within sports from view and discourse by public something that affects their participation within sport, the manner in which media’s limited coverage for women within sports promotes gender stereotypes, as well as, contributes towards bias access to services by women as well as their potentiality fulfilments in relation to their right to sport. The key principle within the research will be that satisfying the right to sport has not just to do with satisfying physical access to sport, however, as well about making sure that the facilitation happens. The research will be conducted in London, United Kingdom. 1,000 grownups will be surveyed to find out where individuals stand as far as women’s sport is concerned. Within the discussion, sports will be examined, in general, since the human right to sport acknowledges sport for professional engagement, for recreation, and for health and social benefits. Sport is an established competitive activity, which involves specialised equipment or facilities and physical skill, and is governed by a set of rules that are accepted to determine a winner. Recreational sport, on the other hand, involves activities whose key purpose is participation with regard to fun, enhancement of physical fitness, as well as social involvement frequently prominent. Leisure sport involves physical activity for leisure time and relaxation. Educational sport includes physical education within schools.

Any to pic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Any to pic - Essay Example The cases of failure among health care institutions that have been publicized, though a minority, their overwhelming blow cannot be condoned. These failures have been associated with inadequate compassion, inadequate respect, and lack of dignity. The media has gone further to highlight the consequences of such shortcomings. The most adverse effect is that such failure results to death of many individuals, who would, otherwise have been saved. The interest of some health care organizations has masked the avoidable harm that patients experience across various parts of the world (Reid, 2012). It is essential to note that for a positive movement to be made, the most essential task is shifting the mindset of all health care professionals at all levels. For instance, it is essential that normalizing the nonstandard should be stopped as well as acceptance of the unacceptable. Moreover, there should be a collective as well as individual practice and promotion of professional cores and values that increase the safety of patients and property ownership. Nevertheless, improvements should be made in surgeries, with increases in effectiveness and commitment among the professionals. Health care professionals touch people’s lives at times of primary human need, when compassion and care are what they need most. It is, therefore, significantly essential that individuals, boards, and teams explore what compassion, dignity, respect, and care signify and their manner of demonstration (Reid, 2012). Building united mental representations of care requires nurses to express professional values and describe their expectations. As much as there has been reported failures and poor performance in health care institutions, it is, however, essential that their efforts be recognized. It is arguable that with the absence of nurse leaders to engage others in work, a health environment is unachievable. Professionals have argued that it is only qualified nurses who can determine whether

Protecting Private Property Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Protecting Private Property - Term Paper Example The fact is that Hitler was a socialist, but he also betrayed his socialist principles by promoting the enrichment of a few individuals at the expense of the populace. Despite its massive industrialization and military development at the height of Nazi rule, the German economy was not thriving, and economic growth did not trickle down to the peasants. Looking at this statement at face value suggests that Hitler was a capitalist. However, as a capitalist, he should not have been encouraging and participating in the destruction and grabbing of private Jewish property and businesses. The irony is ridiculous, to say the least. Man must be put in a Position to Develop Freely the Talents that God has given HimI totally agree with this statement. From religious and philosophical perspectives, it is obvious that God created every one of us with a special talent and wanted the best for mankind. In the book of Genesis, God says during the creation that He created man in His own image and liken ess. From the little we know about God, He is omnipotent, omnibenevolent, omniscience and omnipresence. Since we were created in His image and likeness, we should be able to demonstrate limited aspects of these attributes because we cannot be exactly like Him. However, we have abilities that God gave us and only Him – not another man – can deny us the opportunity to develop those God-given human talents and abilities. It is often said that one is born with a talent or ability, or â€Å"was meant† to do something.

Consent form, permission letter&interview questions Essay - 1

Consent form, permission letter&interview questions - Essay Example rved: that the interview would be conducted on the free-time of the indicated manager within the hotel premises, that the company name, as well as the names of the managers should be disguised in the project, and that the results must be shared with the HR department. As a Master of Science in Administration graduate student at CMU, I am currently conducting the above-mentioned research in compliance with graduation requirements. In this regard, I am hereby seeking the consent of your organization, the Sheraton Dongguan Hotel, to participate in the study. The study aims to explore and determine the strategies employed by Sheraton Dongguan Hotel in China which enables them to excel in an increasingly competitive hospitality service industry. As such, five (5) managers in Sheraton Dongguan Hotel, specifically those in the position of designing or implementing strategies, are planned to be interviewed. As the researcher, I will conduct the interview on a face-to-face basis, depending on the availability of the manager. Please bear in mind that I would abide by standards of ethics in research where privacy and confidentiality is strictly to be observed. No personal information would be divulged in the study. You are free to refuse to participate in this research project or to withdraw your consent and discontinue participation in the project at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which you are otherwise entitled. Your participation will not affect your relationship with the institution(s) involved in this research project. Please note that if you are not satisfied with the manner in which this study is being conducted, you may report (anonymously if you so choose) any complaints to the MSA Program by calling 989-774-6525 or addressing a letter to the MSA Program, Rowe 222, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI

Fpl Harvard Business Casw Essay Example for Free

Fpl Harvard Business Casw Essay The fourth largest electric utility company in the United States and the largest electric utility in Florida is the FPL Group, which formed in 1925 from the consolidation of several gas and electric companies. FPL as a company continued to grow after 1925 because the ever increasing Florida population demanded more and more electricity. This trend continued until the 1970s when operating problems, and the rising cost of fuel and construction, caused a reduction of the company’s profitability. To address this issue, then Chairman Marshall McDonald, decided to make four major acquisitions: Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company, Telesat Cablevision Inc. , CBR Information Group Inc. , and Turner Foods Corporation. FPL also attempted to improve operations by employing 1,700 teams for quality control to find ways to improve operations. This notion lead FPL to be recognized as â€Å"one of the best-managed US corporations,† when the quality control teams found ways to improve efficiency within FPL by decreasing customer complaints by 60%, and decreasing downtime operations by 12%. Despite these enhancements, FPL still had company troubles to include: problems with a nuclear plant, demand was growing at a faster pace in the 1980s than expected, one of their acquisitions had lost $250 million since being acquired, and employee morale was low due to all the new management regulations. Kate Stark, the electric utilities analyst at First Equity Securities Corporation came across a decision involving this Florida electric utility company, FPL. The decision begins with the buzz that FPL may decide to freeze its dividend at $2. 8 per share or even potentially reduce the dividend at FPL’s annual meeting. Kate had previously valued FPL with a â€Å"hold† recommendation three weeks earlier with the belief that FPL will either keep its dividend payout at $2. 48 or slightly increase it. However, with the news of this new rumor about FPL dividends, FPL stock price fell by 6% because a freeze of the dividend would mean that FPL would end a 47-year streak of ann ual dividend increases. Now Kate is reconsidering her â€Å"hold† rating and contemplated issuing a new updated report to revise her investment recommendation. It is now to decided how a change, if any, to the current dividend policy would affect shareholders, which option would have the greatest benefit to the shareholders and FPL, and what should be advised to investors with regard to FPL stock. Two theories of dividends come up with the FPL Group. The first theory is the Signaling Hypothesis and the second theory would be the Clientele Effect. The Signaling Theory is essentially the theory that managers of a certain company have better information and are more informed internally about a firms future prospects than the public stockholders. Future dividends are paid out of future profits, so any change in dividends to be paid is viewed as an indication of what future profits are going to be. Thus, when dividends are increased or decreased, stock prices tend to increase or decrease. The second theory relevant to the FPL group dividend policy is the Clientele Effect. Different clienteles of stockholders favor diverse dividend payout ratios. Different firms also have altering ways of calculating and paying out dividends. Thus, when a firm switches its payout ratio a current clientele will leave and a different clientele will join. The rule of thumb is that if more investors leave or leave faster than a new clientele could replace them, then there could be a temporarily depressed share price. There are two important issues that are facing the FPL Group in the May of 1994. The first is the concerns of potential competition resulting from industry deregulation and the second is the reexamination of a high dividend payout ratio already previously noted. The arrival of retail wheeling from the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 threatens to change the shape of the entire electric utilities industry. The Florida Public Service Commission is not currently considering a retail wheeling proposal, but the current trend in the industry is to increase the competition. The implementation of such a proposal, however, would expose FPL to numerous competitors and possible losses, for example, as shown in California; California had already implemented a retail wheeling program and the program had a severe adverse effect on the three major utilities in that state. Competing with rival utilities must now be a primary concern of FPL and FPL now needs to ensure that it has the ability to meet the challenge of competition from both in state and out of state providers. The current payout ratio is too high from FPL’s perspective because they need the extra capital to be able to fund new projects if the new wheeling regulations were to be implemented. FPL just could not afford to pay out 90% of its earnings given the possible need to expand in the face of new competition. Although FPL has had success in the past and present, the threat of retail wheeling means FPL must hold on to cash. Continuing a high payout ratio just isn’t feasible because of the severe challenges FPL would face if the retail wheeling plans were put into action. FPL must be prepared for this eventuality, so FPL needs the funds to ensure financial stability while protecting future profitability. A lower payout ratio would allow FPL to have the capital necessary to hedge itself from losing big to increasing competition. The problem now lies in the confidence of investors if FPL were to cut dividends. It is to believe that FPL will indeed cut their dividends or freeze them at the least to insure financial stability in times where the future is uncertain. The additional retained earnings from a reduction or halt of dividend payout will open opportunities for FPL to compete in a new open market, reduce their debt ceiling for added cash to fund and expand new opportunities for growth and allow for a more industry standard payout ratio for future growth. This may not at first be what a shareholder would want to see, but the positive outlook for the long run, outweigh the negative impacts of the short run. As a result of this analysis, FPL looks to be a very reliable investment for the future with a positive upside for future growth potential; however the only drawback would be how much exactly a dividend cut would actually affect the initial stock price, which is hard to tell. Kate Stark should absolutely keep her â€Å"hold† recommendation on FPL stock for the previous conceived reasons. There are no notions to believe FPL is in any urgent financial trouble or that there will be a drastic dividend cut. FPL’s stock will fall with the announcement of a dividend freeze or reduction; it is just a matter of how much. There is an upside potential for FPL and there is evidence that they will be prepared for more competition. The FPL stock price again will drop initially with the announcement of a dividend freeze or reduction, but â€Å"hold† on to the stock to not take a loss, and continue to â€Å"hold† the stock because the FPL group provides sound evidence that the stock price will continue to rise in the near future. References: Welch, Jonathan B., and Anand Venkateswaran. The dual sustainability of wind energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13.5 (2009): 1121-1126. Soosay, Claudine, Andrew Fearne, and Benjamin Dent. Sustainable value chain analysis–a case study of Oxford Landing from â€Å"vine to dine†. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 17.1 (2012): 68-77. Pitman, Glen, et al. QFD application in an educational setting. International Journal of Quality ; Reliability Management (2013). Plant, Robert, Leslie Willcocks, and Nancy Olson. Measuring e-business performance: towards a revised balanced scorecard approach. Information Systems and e-business Management 1.3 (2003): 265-281. Evelyn, John J., and Neil J. DeCarlo. Customer focus helps utility see the light. Journal of Business Strategy 13.1 (1992): 8-12. Gupta, Neeraj J., and Christina C. Benson. Sustainability and competitive advantage: an empirical study of value creation. (2011). ;

My Room Essay Example for Free

My Room Essay My room is my one and only domain where I carry out various leisure activities such as studying, watching films and television, listen to music, talk on the phone, surf the internet, etc. My room is painted all pink; also, most of the things in my room are all pink. As someone enters my room, the first thing that he or she will see is a cream dresser with a stylish design coated on it. In it, lie all my clothes and personal belongings. Then on the other side of my room, a black plasma television resided on the wall which I enjoy watching my favorite movies, and television shows. Opposite of that, is my full size bed which has pink covers. Also right behind it is the room window, which has sparkly and pink curtains. Next to my bed I have a nightstand where my stereo is on top of it; also on one of the drawers I have my favorite book. On the wall next to my bed, I have a huge sign that says PRINCESS, and around it are pictures from my sweet fifteen. Across from my bed I have my studying and relaxing area where I have a pink desk with my laptop and printer. Right next to it I have a beanbag chair with reading books around it, and thats where I relax, read, and study. Then I have a walk-in closet where I have lots of shoes, clothes, school supplies, and personal belongings. My room is my absolute favorite room in the house, thats where I study and relax. I enjoy my room, and I enjoy doing pretty much anything as long as its in my room!

Static Analysis of Uncertain Structures

Static Analysis of Uncertain Structures Static Analysis of Uncertain Structures Using Interval Eigenvalue Decomposition 1Mehdi Modares and 2Robert L. Mullen 1Department of Civil and Environmental   Engineering Tufts University Medford, MA, 02155 2Department of Civil Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, 44106 Abstract: Static analysis is an essential procedure to design a structure. Using static analysis, the structures response to the applied external forces is obtained. This response includes internal forces/moments and internal stresses that is used in the design process. However, the mechanical characteristics of the structure possess uncertainties which alter the structures response. One method to quantify the presence of these uncertainties is interval or unknown-but-bounded variables. In this work a new method is developed to obtain the bounds on structures static response using interval eigenvalue decomposition of the stiffness matrix. The bounds of eigenvalues are obtained using monotonic behavior of eigenvalues for a symmetric matrix subjected to non-negative definite perturbations. Moreover, the bounds of eigenvectors are obtained using perturbation of invariant subspaces for symmetric matrices. Comparisons with other interval finite element solution methods are presented. Using this method, it has shown that obtaining the bound on static response of an uncertain structure does not require a combinatorial or Monte-Carlo simulation procedure. Keywords: Statics, Analysis, Interval, Uncertainty  © 2008 by authors. Printed in USA. REC 2008 Modares and Mullen In design of structures, the performance of the structure must be guaranteed over its lifetime. Moreover, static analysis is a fundamental procedure for designing reliable structure that are subjected to static or quasi-static forces induced by various loading conditions and patterns. However, in current procedures for static analysis of structural systems, the existence of uncertainty in either mechanical properties of the system or the characteristics of forcing function is generally not considered. These uncertainties can be attributed to physical imperfections, modeling inaccuracies and system complexities. Although, in a design process, uncertainty is accounted for by a combination of load amplification and strength reduction factors that are based on probabilistic models of historic data, consideration of the effects of uncertainty has been removed from current static analysis of structural systems. In this work, a new method is developed to perform static analysis of a structural system in the presence of uncertainty in the systems mechanical properties as well as uncertainty in the magnitude of loads. The presence of these uncertainties is quantified using interval or unknownbut-bounded variables. This method obtains the bounds on structures static response using interval eigenvalue decomposition of the stiffness matrix. The bounds of eigenvalues are obtained using the concept of monotonic behavior of eigenvalues for a symmetric matrix subjected to non-negative definite perturbations. Furthermore, the bounds of eigenvectors are obtained using perturbation of invariant subspaces for symmetric matrices. Using this method, it has shown that obtaining the bound on static response of an uncertain structure does not require a combinatorial or MonteCarlo simulation procedure. The equation of equilibrium for a multiple degree of freedom structure is defined as a linear system of equations as:   [K]{U}={P}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) where, [K]is the stiffness matrix, {U}is the vector of unknown nodal displacements, and {P} is the vector of nodal forces. The solution to this system of equation is:   {U} = [K]−1{P}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) The concept of interval numbers has been originally applied in the error analysis associated with digital computing.   Quantification of the uncertainties introduced by truncation of real numbers in numerical methods was the primary application of interval methods (Moore 1966). A real interval is a closed set defined by extreme values as (Figure 1): ~l ,zu ] ={z∈â„Å"| zl ≠¤ z ≠¤ zu} (3)   Z = [z ~ x = [a,b] Figure 1. An interval variable. In this work, the symbol (~) represents an interval quantity. One interpretation of an interval number is a random variable whose probability density function is unknown but non-zero only in the range of interval. Another interpretation of an interval number includes intervals of confidence for ÃŽ ±-cuts of fuzzy sets. The interval representation transforms the point values in the deterministic system to inclusive set values in the system with bounded uncertainty. Considering the presence of interval uncertainty in stiffness and force properties, the system of equilibrium equations, Eq.(1), is modified as an interval system of equilibrium equation as: ~~   [K]{U}={P}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (4) ~ where, [K]is the interval stiffness matrix, {U}is the vector of unknown nodal displacements, and {P} is the vector of interval nodal forces. In development of interval stiffness matrix, the physical and mathematical characteristics of the stiffness matrix must be preserves. This system of interval equations is mainly solved using computationally iterative procedures (Muhanna et al 2007) and (Neumaier and Pownuk 2007). The present method proposes a computationally efficient procedure with nearly sharp results using interval eigenvalue decomposition of stiffness matrix. While the external force can also have uncertainties, in this work only problems with interval stiffness properties are addressed. However, for functional independent variations for both stiffness matrix and external force vector, the extension of the proposed work is straightforward. 3.1. DETERMINISTIC EIGENVALUE DECOMPOSITION The deterministic symmetric stiffness matrix can be decomposed using matrix eigenvalue decomposition as:   [K] = [ÃŽ ¦][Λ][ÃŽ ¦]T   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (5) where, [ÃŽ ¦] is the matrix of eigenvectors, and [Λ] is the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues. Equivalently, N   [K] =∑Î »i{à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i}{à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i}T   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (6) i=1 where, the values of ÃŽ »i is the eigenvalues and the vectors{à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i}are their corresponding  eigenvectors.   Therefore, the eigenvalue decomposition of the inverse of the stiffness matrix is: equivalently, [K]−1 =[ÃŽ ¦][Λ]−1[ÃŽ ¦]T   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (7) −N 1T [K] 1 =∑ {à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i}{à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (8) i=1 ÃŽ »i Substituting Eq.(8) in the solution for the deterministic linear system of equation, Eq.(2), the solution for response is shown as:   {U}= ( N 1 {à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i}{à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i}T ){P}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (9) 3.2. INTERVAL EIGENVALUE DECOMPOSITION Similarly, the solution to interval system of equilibrium equations, Eq.(4), is:   {U~}= (∑N ~1 {à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢~ }{à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢~i}T ){P}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (10) i i=1 ÃŽ »i ~~ } are their where, the values of ÃŽ »i is the interval eigenvalues and, the vectors {à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i corresponding interval eigenvectors that are to be determined. 4.1. BACKGROUND The research in interval eigenvalue problem began to emerge as its applicability in science and engineering was realized. Hollot and Bartlett (1987) studied the spectra of eigenvalues of an interval matrix family which are found to depend on the spectrum of its extreme sets. Dief (1991) presented a method for computing interval eigenvalues of an interval matrix based on an assumption of invariance properties of eigenvectors. In structural dynamics, Modares and Mullen (2004) have introduced a method for the solution of the interval eigenvalue problem which determines the exact bounds of the natural frequencies of a system using Interval Finite Element formulation. 4.2. DEFINITION The eigenvalue problems for matrices containing interval values are known as the interval ~ ~ nn ) and [A] is a member of the eigenvalue problems. If [A] is an interval real matrix (A∈â„Å" ~ interval matrix ([A]∈[A]) , the interval eigenvalue problem is shown as: ~ 4.2.1. Solution for Eigenvalues The solution of interest to the real interval eigenvalue problem for bounds on each eigenvalue is ~ defined as an inclusive set of real values (ÃŽ ») such that for any member of the interval matrix, the eigenvalue solution to the problem is a member of the solution set. Therefore, the solution to the interval eigenvalue problem for each eigenvalue can be mathematically expressed as: ~l ,ÃŽ »u ]|∀[A]∈[A~]: ([A]−Î »[I]){x} = 0}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (12)   {ÃŽ »Ã¢Ë†Ë†ÃŽ »= [ÃŽ » 4.2.2. Solution for Eigenvectors: The solution of interest to the real interval eigenvalue problem for bounds on each eigenvector is defined as an inclusive set of real values of vector {~x} such that for any member of the interval matrix, the eigenvector solution to the problem is a member of the solution set. Thus, the solution to the interval eigenvalue problem for each eigenvector is: 4.3. INTERVAL STIFFNESS MATRIX The systems global stiffness can be viewed as a summation of the element contributions to the global stiffness matrix: n i=1 where [ Li ] is the element Boolean connectivity matrix and [Ki ] is the element stiffness matrix in the global coordinate system. Considering the presence of uncertainty in the stiffness properties, the non-deterministic element elastic stiffness matrix is expressed as: ~ in which, [li ,ui ] is an interval number that pre-multiplies the deterministic element stiffness matrix. This procedure preserves the physical and mathematical characteristics of the stiffness matrix. Therefore, the systems global stiffness matrix in the presence of any uncertainty is the linear summation of the contributions of non-deterministic interval element stiffness matrices: ,ui ])[Li ][Ki ][Li ] =∑ i=1i=1 in which, [Ki ] is the deterministic element elastic stiffness contribution to the global stiffness matrix. 4.4. INTERVAL EIGENVALUE PROBLEM FOR STATICS The interval eigenvalue problem for a structure with stiffness properties expressed as interval values is:   [K~]{à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢~} = (ÃŽ »~){à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢~} (17) Substituting Eq.(16) in Eq.(17): ]){à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢} = (ÃŽ »){à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ i=1 This interval eigenvalue problem can be transformed to a pseudo-deterministic eigenvalue problem subjected to a matrix perturbation. Introducing the central and radial (perturbation) stiffness matrices as: i 1 [K~R ] =∑i=n1 (ÃŽ µi )(ui 2−li )[Ki ]    ,  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÃŽ µi =[−1,1]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (20) Using Eqs. (19,20), the non-deterministic interval eigenpair problem, Eq.(18),   becomes: Hence, the determination of bounds on eigenvalues and bounds on eigenvectors of a stiffness matrix in the presence of uncertainty is mathematically interpreted as an eigenvalue problem on a ~ central stiffness matrix ([KC ]) that is subjected to a radial perturbation stiffness matrix ([KR ]). This perturbation is in fact, a linear summation of non-negative definite deterministic element stiffness contribution matrices that are scaled with bounded real numbers(ÃŽ µi ) . 5. Solution 5.1. BOUNDS ON EIGENVALUES The following concepts must be considered in order to bound the non-deterministic interval eigenvalue problem, Eq.(21). The classical linear eigenpair problem for a symmetric matrix is: with the solution of real eigenvalues (ÃŽ »1 ≠¤ÃŽ »2 ≠¤ ≠¤ÃŽ »n ) and corresponding eigenvectors ( x1, x2,, xn ). This equation can be transformed into a ratio of quadratics known as the Rayleigh quotient:   R(x) =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (23) The Rayleigh quotient for a symmetric matrix is bounded between the smallest and the largest eigenvalues (Bellman 1960 and Strang 1976).    (24) Thus, the first eigenvalue (ÃŽ »1) can be obtained by performing an unconstrained minimization on the scalar-valued function of Rayleigh quotient: ( (25) x∈ For finding the next eigenvalues, the concept of maximin characterization can be used. This concept obtains the kth eigenvalue by imposing (k-1) constraints on the minimization of the Rayleigh quotient (Bellman 1960 and Strang 1976): ÃŽ »k = max[minR(x)]   (subject to constrains(xT zi = 0),i =1,k −1,k ≠¥ 2 ) (26) 5.1.1. Bounding the Eigenvalues for Statics Using the concepts of minimum and maximin characterizations of eigenvalues for symmetric matrices, the solution to the interval eigenvalue problem for the eigenvalues of a system with uncertainty in the stiffness characteristics (Eq.(21)) for the first eigenvalue can be shown as: n x∈Rn{x}T {x} for the next eigenvalues: ~{x}T [K~]{x}{x}T ([K ]+[K~ ]){x} 5.1.2. Deterministic Eigenvalue Problems for Bounding Eigenvalues in Statics Substituting and expanding the right-hand side terms of Eqs. (27,28): ~T [K ]{x}~ui (li +u{x} (29) Since the matrix [Ki ] is non-negative definite, the term () is non-negative. Therefore, using the monotonic behavior of eigenvalues for symmetric matrices, the upper bounds on the eigenvalues in Eqs.(19,20) are obtained by considering maximum values of interval coefficients of uncertainty (ÃŽ µ~i = [−1,1]), ((ÃŽ µi )max = 1), for all elements in the radial perturbation matrix. Similarly, the lower bounds on the eigenvalues are obtained by considering minimum values of those coefficients, ((ÃŽ µi )min =−1) , for all elements in the radial perturbation matrix. Also, it can be observed that any other element stiffness selected from the interval set will yield eigenvalues between the upper and lower bounds. This imonotonic behavior of eigenvalues can also be used for parameterization purposes. Using these concepts, the deterministic eigenvalue problems corresponding to the maximum and minimum eigenvalues are obtained (Modares and Mullen 2004) as: n n 5.2. BOUNDS ON EIGENVECTORS 5.2.1. Invariant Subspace The subspace χ is defined to be an invariant subspace of matrix [A] if:   Aχ⊂χ (32) Equivalently,   if χ is an invariant subspace of [A]nn and also, columns of [X1]nm form a basis forχ, then there is a unique matrix [L1]mm such that: The matrix [L1 ] is the representation of [A] on χ with respect to the basis [X1] and the eigenvalues of [L1] are a subset of eigenvalues of [A]. Therefore, for the invariant subspace, ({v},ÃŽ ») is an eigenpair of [L1] if and only if ({[X1]{v}},ÃŽ ») is an eigenpair of [A]. 5.2.2. Theorem of Invariant Subspaces For a real symmetric matrix [A], considering the subspace χ with the linearly independent columns of [X1] forming a basis for χ and the linearly independent columns of [X2] spanning the complementary subspace χ⊠¥ , then,   χ is an invariant subspace of [A] iff: Therefore, invoking this condition and postulating the definition of invariant subspaces, the symmetric matrix [A] can be reduced to a diagonalized form using a unitary similarity transformation as:   [X1X2]T [A][X1X2] = à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡[X1]TT[[AA][][XX11]] à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ £[X2] where [Li ] =[Xi ]T [A][Xi ], i =1,2. 5.2.3. Simple Invariant Subspace [X1]T [A][X2]à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡[L1] [X2]T [A][X2]à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¦= à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ £[0] [0] à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¤ [L2]à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¦ (35) An invariant subspace is simple if the eigenvalues of its representation [L1] are distinct from other eigenvalues of [A]. Thus, using the reduced form of [A] with respect to the unitary matrix [[X1][X2]], χ is a simple invariant subspace if the eigenvalues of [L1] and [L2] are distinct: 5.2.4. Perturbed Eigenvector Considering the column spaces of [X1] and [X2]   to span two complementary simple invariant subspaces, the perturbed orthogonal subspaces are defined as:   [Xˆ1] =[X1]+[X 2 ][P] (37)   [Xˆ 2 ] =[X 2]−[X1][P]T (38) in which [P] is a matrix to be determined. Thus, each perturbed subspace is defined as a summation of the exact subspace and the contribution of the complementary subspace. Considering a symmetric perturbation[E] , the perturbed matrix is defined as: Applying the theorem of invariant subspaces for perturbed matrix and perturbed subspaces, and linearizing due to a small perturbation compared to the unperturbed matrix, Eq.(34) is rewritten as: This perturbation problem is an equation for unknown [P] in the form of a Sylvesters equation in which, the uniqueness of the solution is guaranteed by the existence of simple perturbed invariant subspaces. Finally, specializing the result for one eigenvector and solving the above equation, the perturbed eigenvector is (Stewart and Sun 1990):   {xˆ1} = {x1}+[X 2 ](ÃŽ »1[I]−[L2 ])−1[X 2 ]T [E]{x1} 5.2.5 Bounding Eigenvectors for Statics For the perturbed eigenvalue problem for statics, Eq.(21),   the error matrix is: (41) ~nu [E] = [KR ] = (∑(ÃŽ µi )( i − li )[Ki ]) (42) i=12 Using the error matrix in eigenvector perturbation equation for the first eigenvector, Eq.(33) the perturbed eigenvector is: in which, {à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢1}is the first eigenvector, (ÃŽ »1) is the first eigenvalue, [ÃŽ ¦2 ] is the matrix of remaining eigenvectors and [Λ2 ] is the diagonal matrix of remaining eigenvalues obtained from the deterministic eigenvalue problem. Eq.(30,31 and 43) is used to calculate the bounds on interval eigenvalues and interval eigenvectors in the response equation, Eq.(9). In order to attain sharper results, the functional dependency of intervals in direct interval multiplications in Eq.(9) is considered. Also, input intervals are subdivided and the union of responses of subset results is obtained. 6. Numerical Example Problem The bounds on the static response for a 2-D statically indeterminate truss with interval uncertainty present in the modulus of elasticity of each element are determined (Figure 2). The crosssectional area A, the length for horizontal and vertical members L , the Youngs moduli E for all ~ elements are E = ([0.99,1.01])E . Figure 2.   The structure of 2-D truss The problem is solved using the method presented in this work. The functional dependency of intervals in the response equation is considered. A hundred-segment subdivision of input intervals is performed and the union of responses is obtained. For comparison, an exact combinatorial analysis has performed which considers lower and upper values of uncertainty for each element i.e. solving (2n = 210 =1024 ) deterministic problems. The static analysis results obtained by the present method and the brute force combination solution for the vertical displacement of the top nodes in are summarized Table (1). Lower Bound Present Method Lower Bound Combination Method Upper Bound Combination Method Upper Bound Present Method Error % U à ¢Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ º PL à ¢Ã… ½Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã… ½Ã…“à ¢Ã… ½Ã… ¸ à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚  AE à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚   -1.6265 -1.6244 -1.5859 -1.5838 % 0.12 Table1. Bounds on Vertical Displacement of Top Nodes The results show that the proposed robust method yields nearly sharp results in a computationally efficient manner as well as preserving the systems physics. 4.Conclusions A finite-element based method for static analysis of structural systems with interval uncertainty in mechanical properties is presented. This method proposes an interval eigenvalue decomposition of stiffness matrix. By obtaining the exact bounds on the eigenvalues and nearly sharp bounds on the eigenvectors, the proposed method is capable to obtain the nearly sharp bounds on the structures static response. Some conservative overestimation in response occurs that can be attributed to the linearization in formation of bounds of eigenvectors and also, the functional dependency of intervals in the dynamic response formulation. This method is computationally feasible and it shows that the bounds on the static response can be obtained without combinatorial or Monte-Carlo simulation procedures. This computational efficiency of the proposed method makes it attractive to introduce uncertainty into structural static analysis and design. While this methodology is shown for structural systems, its extension to various mechanics problems is straightforward. References Bellman, R. Introduction to Matrix Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York 1960. Dief, A., Advanced Matrix theory for Scientists and Engineers, pp.262-281. Abacus Press 1991. Hollot, C. and A. Bartlett. On the eigenvalues of interval matrices, Technical Report, Department   of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 1987. Modares, M. and R. L. Mullen. Free Vibration of Structures with Interval Uncertainty. 9th ASCE Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability 2004. Moore, R. E. Interval Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood, NJ 1966. Muhanna, R. L. and R. L. Mullen. Uncertainty in Mechanics Problems-Interval-Based Approach. Journal of Engineering Mechanics June-2001,   pp.557-566 2001. Muhanna, R. L., Zhang H. and R. L. Mullen. Interval Finite Element as a Basis for Generalized Models of Uncertainty in Engineering Mechanics, Reliable Computing, Vol. 13, pp. 173-194, 2007. Neumaier, A. Interval Methods for Systems of Equations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Neumaier, A. and A. Pownuk. Linear Systems with Large Uncertainties, with Applications to Truss Structures, Reliable Computing, Vol. 13, pp. 149-172, 2007. Strang, G. Linear Algebra and its Applications, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1976. Stewart, G.W. and J. Sun. Matrix perturbation theory, Chapter 5. Academic Press, Boston, MA   1990.

Romanticism and Realism in War Stories :: Romantic Period Essays

Romanticism and Realism in War Stories Tom Brokaw called the people who lived through World War II (WWII) â€Å"The Greatest Generation†, where he shares many heroic war stories in The Greatest Generation. The classic character displayed in the book was a decorated war veteran who returned to the United States (US) and developed a prosperous lifestyle. The WWII veterans came to symbolize strength, honor, unity, justice, success, and noble sacrifice. This image was portrayed through literature and film. Books and movies created an image of the WWII veterans which the US would idolize. Popular culture gave the war a romantic appeal. People fell in love with the idea that the US was liberating Europe from the Nazi Hun and the evil Japanese Empire. After the war, men came back to marry their sweethearts and had several children who were called the Baby Boomers. This romanticism continued through television shows like Leave it to Beaver and literary titles similar to Dick and Jane, which dominated popular culture . Though popular culture defined the perfect life, the lifestyle was not typical for the average American. The Baby Boomers were called into the Vietnam War and expected to follow in their father’s heroic footsteps; but unlike their father’s generation they failed to live up to the expectations. The Baby Boomers rebelled against the state and popular culture, developing flower power, free love, and equality. The Vietnam War conflicted with many of the generation’s values, resulting in internal conflict with many of the nation’s youth. Some men joined the military to fight, while other dodged the draft, creating conflict within a generation. Overall, the Baby Boomer generation symbolized individuality, dishonor, injustice, failure, and wasteful sacrifice. Unlike the WWII era, the Vietnam War brought realism into literature and film. There were no heroic movies of men fighting in Vietnam. Men could no longer shoot fifty enemy combatants on top of a tank without being hurt. Instead, popular culture brought a realistic view of war, death, pain, and destruction. Author Tim O’Brien, like many war veterans, struggled with his Vietnam experience and expressed them through writing. Tim O’Brien exposed the truth behind war stories because he shows the difference between WWII romanticism and Vietnam realism. The difference between romanticism and realism can be seen through two variations of the same war story.

Aquatic Fitness Routine :: Water Aerobics

In order to achieve and maintain the benefits of exercise, an aquatic exercise program must follow the main principles of a workout. It should begin with warm-up stretches on the pool deck, followed by an in-pool aerobic warm-up session. Then the actual conditioning activity begins, consisting of 20 to 30 minutes of vigorous "aerobic" activity. A cool-down period in the pool can end the session, although a toning period is recommended following the cool-down. The following section discusses the aquatic fitness routine in detail. Warm-up Stretches It is very important to include proper warm-up routines before each day's activity. Physiologically, the muscles need to be warmed slowly through increased circulation, and the heart rate needs to be raised gradually. Psychologically, each participant needs to begin to think about the workout and perhaps set some personal goals for the day. Warm-ups are also an important safety precaution. Cold, tight muscles are inefficient for a good workout and may tear with sudden movements. A general idea to keep in mind while structuring a warm-up routine is to try to simulate the movements of the activity to be performed in the main body of the workout. The warm-up should simulate the workout movement but should be of a much lower intensity. Because of the nature of the exercises, they should be performed before entering the pool. A good warm-up should move quickly but thoroughly from the top of the body to the bottom of the body. In lap swimming and aerobic workout, special attention should be given to these areas: shoulder complex, obliques, abdominal, groin, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius. Aerobic Warm-up Exercises Once the participants have entered the pool, they need to slowly raise their heart rates and get their body temperatures acclimated to that of the pool. Some fun activities for a good aerobic warm-up are to walk, jog, skip, or hop back and forth the width of the pool. As further variation, participants can do front kicks or skips and hops across the pool width. Finally, long strides, called skiing, can be used across the pool width. There are several fun games, such as musical kick-board, water basketball, and tug of war, that may be appropriate for your group as an aerobic warm-up. These games should be played for approximately 5 minutes as a warm-up activity. Conditioning Activities Circuit Training: Circuit training is a conditioning activity using stations. Different activities are designated for each station to provide a relief from the monotony of lap swimming.

Coke: Behind the Image Essay -- Soft Drinks Papers

Coke: Behind the Image Almost everywhere I go, I see advertisements for â€Å"The Real Thing.† Even during my trip to Mozambique, a country stricken with poverty where the people rarely speak English, native children knew how to ask for their favorite drink, available just down the road at the street vendor‘s hut. Created in 1885 by pharmacist John Pemberton, Coca-Cola has evolved from a tonic peddled by traveling salesmen to cure headaches and hangovers, to one of the most recognized and most widely enjoyed beverages of all time (Oliver 14). On average, North Americans drink at least one serving of Coke per day (CSPI sc1). With over two million dollars spent every year on advertising and with very competitive prices, Coke is appealing to and affordable for people of all ages and financial situations. Although most people believe that Coke is the ultimate companion to a good time, that Coke promotes freedom and fun, that it tastes good and poses no threat to the health, I now see that with its aggressive advertising and inherent health risks, Coke has a hidden agenda to create young addicts and further people’s illusion of control. In 1885 Coke was originally trademarked as the â€Å"Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant,† containing cocaine, wine and kola nut for flavor, and sold in drugstores (Oliver 13). Later, the wine was removed and the cocaine was replaced with caffeine. The beverage was then bottled and sold â€Å"within arm’s reach of desire,† a new concept by Coke businessmen who wanted Coke to be available wherever people were thirsty (Oliver 14). From the early 1900s on, Coke has kept growing, remaining in the top ten lists for both preferred beverages and highest sales (CSPI sc... ...4. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 9 Mar. 2002. Manning, Steven. â€Å"Branding Kids For Life.† Nation 20 Nov. 2000:7. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 9 Mar. 2002. â€Å"Myopia.† Nutrition Action Health Letter Dec. 1998:16. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 9 Mar. 2002. Oliver, Thomas. The Real Coke, the Real Story. New York: Random House, 1986. Sampey, Kathleen. â€Å"Coke Shifts Not-So-Funny Ad Tack, Reaches For Teens in Next TV Push.† Brandweek 9 Oct. 2000:5. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 9 Mar. 2002. â€Å"Save Harry.† Nov. 2001. CSPI. www.saveharry.com/bythenumbers.html 29 Mar. 2002 Watters, Pat. Coca-cola. An Illustrated History. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978.

Great Depression Essay

The Government Didn’t Do Enough |The Government Did Enough | | |Common Knowledge |Common Knowledge | |William Lyon Mackenzie king |William Lyon Mackenzie King | |-wouldn’t give Conservative governments financial assistance |- | |-thought unemployment was seasonal | | |-wanted to balance the budget |Richard B. Bennett | |-king beats Bennett in the 1935 election (New Deal) |-helped out those who sent him letters | |-did nothing after winning election |-Bennett’s new deal | | |Health insurance, Unemployment insurance, Maximum work week, | |Richard B.Bennett |financial assistance to farmers | |-Raised Tariffs | | |-Unemployment reflex camps |Co-operative Common Wealth Federation (CCF) | |-Bennett blanket and buggy |-J. S. Woodsworth – Saskatchewan | | |-public own | |Co-operative Common Wealth Federation (CCF) |-increase social programs | |-J. S.Woodsworth – Saskatchewan |-government spend their way out of the depression | | | | |Social Credit |Social Credit | |-â€Å"Bible â€Å"Bill Aberhardt – Alberta |-â€Å"Bible â€Å"Bill Aberhardt – Alberta | |-Federal government wouldn’t allow it |-everyone to get $25 per month to spend on necessities | | | |Union Nationale |Union Nationale | |- Maurire Duplessis – Quebec |Maurire Duplessis – Quebec | |-emphasis on french language and culture | | | | | |PDF |PDF | |Page 2: kids had to cut street car tickets in half which were|Page 23: relief camps gave you food shelter and transportation. | |12 for a quarter so then they would get 24 for a quarter |Basically everything you needed | |page 5: kids hunted squirrels and gophers for meat |Page 35: Bennett’s new deal. 8 hour work day, minimum wage, | |Page 6: kids would chew grain instead of gum (would chew |elimination of child labour, insurance plan, and controlled | |alfalfa until it became like gum) |prices. –CCF, government has ownership of bank, insurance, bank, | |Pag e 8: kids were told there was no Santa |communication and power companies. |Page 33: men would walk 11 miles to apply for a job only to |Page 19: William Abhardt purposed goal was to give $25 every month| |find out there are hundreds of people all ready there waiting|to increase prosperity | |Page 34: farmers could not afford gas so they would attach |Page 16: hundreds of men would get meals at the soup kitchen | |their car to their horse and called it the Bennett Buggy |Page 29: one didn’t have to pay income tax unless ones income was | |Page 8: unemployment relief camps only paid 20 cents a day. |over $2000 | |Page 20: hundreds of men were found sleeping in a Toronto |Page 12: relief payments sometimes were in vouchers. Could only | |park with only a newspaper covering them. Bennett Blanket |buy specific items | |Page 21: jail cells were in terrible condition. Each cell | | |might have a bed. 200 men waiting for one toilet. Stomach | |troubles because of the food | | |Pa ge 10: Large companies laid off workers from railway | | |strikes | | |Page 3: Bennett raises tariffs | | |Page 2: people committed crimes to go to jail and have food | | |to eat | | |Page 24: innocent bystanders killed because of relief camp | | |strikers | | |Page 36: hard for farmers to be relieved, no way of | | |transportation | | |Page 2: boys were given pointless tasks (dig then fill holes)| | | | | |Page 7: one would pay doctors in food because one had no | | |money | | |Page 10: men in relief camps were treated like dirt/slaves | | |Page 22: paper shack, 79 x 24 with no windows. 88 men | | |Page 33: people tried to sell vacuums, pictures, books, | | |brushes. Too desperate | | |Page 10: government wanted the unemployed men out of sight | | |Page 12: no jobs therefore unemployment so people had lots of| | |dept | |Page 15: cars had disappeared because owners had to buy | | |antifreeze, but anti freeze was costly | | |Page 7: kids did not see an orange until Christmas | | |Page 8: one could not leave the relief camp because there was| | |nothing for about 100 miles. Had to stay | | |Page 14: Canadian government deported/sent back over 10,000 | | |immigrants. Some immigrants risked their lives to come to | | |Canada. No jobs so the government sent them back thinking it | | |was the solution. | |

Effectiveness Of Anti-Smoking Advertisement Essay

Out of the total clientele of Tobacco in the world (i.e. $ 27 billion a twelvemonth), 50% occur of the total turnover is being dog-tired on merchandiseing of the products (U.S. FTC _Cig bette Report_ 2007). The total deaths pay fitting to green goddess were 100 million in the 20th Century. If precautions argon non coinn, it whitethorn go up-to one billion in the 21st Century against the present w yearsr of 5.4 million deaths as per WHO report, Feb.8 (Xinhua). The WHO report in like manner says that governwork forcets earn as revenue more(prenominal) than 500 opuss than what these spend on non- gage plys.The turnover markers of the baccy industry in like manner c e verys for anti skunk charitable organizations to bar fastball for the freshers and compact into confidence the well- shapeed mountainrs to quit. assorted Messages should be utilize to proceed people and these should be very much stiff by dint of a enquiry. every(prenominal) these passs should r all(prenominal) the people through and through an alfresco tending or through radio, television place or distribution of printed pamphlets. frequent copulation shall also help you to contact the affected persons. Besides these, Internet contacts and meetings on the state- stand-ined places shall also help you to achieve the targets.1. priming coat AND PROBLEM DEFINITION green goddess is highly detrimental to health. Regular hummer stick issue lead to serious diseases like lung pubic louse and chronic heart diseases. It reduces productiveness of smokers and therefrom of organizations in which they be working which in turn hampers the economic growth of the country. The selfsame(prenominal) cause argon applicable on second-hand or nonoperational smoker also. A lot of resources of whatever economy be deviate curing dissimilar diseases of vigorous and passive smokers. Such resources could abide been diverted towards otherwise productive activities. The possi ble ship nominateal of simplification sess and hence reducing its damaging impact may be (a) increasing the prices of hind ends substantially by terrific huge taxes on nances (b) banning cigargonttesin public places. However, posterior fastball is an dependency and its demand is relatively price nonresilient and thus option (a) has limited sphere to reduce sess.Banning hummer in public places has also limited area because individuals keep an eye on up the liberty to smoke in private with pop out all major pass in sess. To compel individuals to reduce or quit smoking, an potent advent is through ad extends highlighting the ill- effectuate of smoking. However, advert crusades turn in be successful in their bearings provided when they are efficaciously intentional and communicated. Since advertizing streamlets come to huge expenditure, it should give the upper limit make in term of with child(p) reduction in pattern of smokers. That is, advertizing attempts should be cost- in force(p). Thus, pattern an effective advertizing bowel movement is of prime importance for the benefit of any society or economy. This hold is an attempt in this direction. This stand out aims to call down what a successful anti-smoking advertizing electioneering should have a bun in the oven?When the smoking statistics is study for UK, it is find that it is the highest amongst the persons who decrepit 20-34 long time. Around 35% of persons (both men and women) in the age throng of 20-34 old age smoke. The lowest smoking array is amongst the persons who aged 60 and to a higher place. Around 16% of the persons in the age classify of 60 and above smoke. When the smoking rate amongst the adults is analyzed, it is found out that 29% of men and 25% of women amongst adults smoke. The skeletal system does non look to an alarming when we compar qualification the same with 1974 figures when 51% of men and 41% of women (that is nearly 50% of th e adult universe in UK) smoked cigarettes (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk). Thus, in the recent years the decline in smoking has been virtuallyly concentrated amongst honest-to-god population. More matured smokers are quitting smoking where as many youths are joining the smoking stem.Smoking statistics get along acquaint that deject socio-economic collection people smoke more than the people in the passe-partout pigeonholing. 39% of men and 34% of women in glare socio-economic separate smoke as compared with 15% of men and 13% of women in professional company (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk).The smoking statistics in the age group of 11-15 years show that 6% of UK population in this age group smokes regularly in 2007. However, the regular smoking rate was 16% in 1977 in the age group of 11-15 year. Amongst the 15-year-old population, the smoking rate declined from 25% in 1982 to 20% in 2006 and shape up to 15% in 2007 (www.ash.org.uk). Thus to persuade the individuals further to quit smoking to append their productivity and to apprise them well-nigh stabbing make of smoking, an effective publicizing campaign should be imageed. Different advertizement campaigns should be designed to target contrasting class of society. The breakdown should be done on the instauration of age, sex and socio-economic status.Since in UK the upper limit smoking rate is amongst the youth and lower socio-economic group, the utter virtually amount of UK anti-smoking advertisement budget should be kept for these dickens groups. Since the upper limit smoking rate in UK is amongst the persons who aged 16 to 50 years, this project aims at describing the subbroadcast for intention the effective anti smoking advertisement campaigns for the smokers who are in this age group.The variables which are very important for any advertisement campaign are (a) field of study (b) consistency (c) clarity and (d) reach (Sissors JT, Bumba L. _A dvertising Media Planning_, 1989). in the beginning the advertisement campaign should equal the harmful cause of smoking which should be targeted at disparate sections of the society in terms of their demographic profile.The content regarding highlighting negative impacts of smoking can be categorise as belowThe advertisements that highlight the ill long-run cause of smoking in the health of smokers much(prenominal) as smoking causing diseases like lung cancer and other chronic heart problems.Advertisements that discuss the indecorous effects in the short circuit-run such as foulbreath and rejection musical composition the smoker is tough in the romance.Advertisements that trace the false tactics employed by the cigarette companies to sell cigarettes which is a annihilative and addictive product. The advertisement should emphasize that cigarette companies are illegally targeting minors and make false claims that cigarettes are non-addictive.Advertisements that invol ve role models who describe ill-effects of smoking.Advertisements that highlight the adverse effects of second hand smoke or passive smoking on children, friends and other family members.Advertisements that show smokers as the persons who have favored unattractive and unhealthy life style.Advertisements that involve celebrities and showing that these celebrities are refusing to smoke.This project describes the apostrophize that should be adopted while designing effective concepts of advertising to quit smoking. The salute is designed to help organizations which are relate in choosing the concepts of advertising for a campaign, the principal(prenominal) prey of which is to motivate smokers to quit or to make an attempt to quit smoking. The sexual climax is very appropriate for market query.The master(prenominal) heading of the approach is to deal the market test for finding out the roughly appropriate advertisement for a particular market or target group. This may be achieved by analyzing the unlike advertisements which have already been developed in the past.The approach is based on the assumption that the persons who are watching these advertisements could be youth or adults, men or women, smokers or non-smokers.Different advertising campaigns should be designed for targeting differentsections of the society. The campaign which may be effective for adults, the same campaign may non be effective for youths.The project is further divided into intravenous feeding sections. Section 2 discusses the look objectives of the study. Section 3 explains the enquiry methodology of the study. Section 4 provides the info abbreviation and empirical results while section 5 gives the recommendations2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe principal(prenominal) objective of this research is to assess different advertisement in terms of their ability to follow through certain objectives of advertisement campaign. This objective can be achieved save if the research analy ses reactions to different advertisements. The reactions to each of the advertisements can be analyzed on the following parametersWhether the advertisement exiting be noticed by the smokers (Attention)Whether the smokers allow find the advertisement as relevant to them (Identification)The kind of message that go away be conveyed to smokers through the advertisement (Communication)The impact that the advertisement leave alone have on smoking (Effect).The objectives of the advertisement pull up stakes decide the objectives of research on communication and effect parameters. That is,If the main objective of the campaign is to provide cognizance about the harmful effects of smoking the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to provide awareness about the effects of smoking on health.If the objective of the campaign is to encourage smokers to stop smoking the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to encourage s mokers towards quitting of cigarettes.If the objective of the campaign is to intensify awareness of harmful effects of passive smoking the objective is to determine the advertisements which have the maximum potential to increase awareness of the ill-effects of second hand smoke.If the objective of the campaign is to develop or support smoke-free policies the objective is to find out which advertisements have the maximum capacity to enhance support these smoke-free policies.The unwitting effects of advertisements amongst smokers and persons outside the target auditory sense group should also be identified by the research.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA reduce group discussion approach has been used to conduct the research. In accent group discussion method, there is an involvement of somewhat(prenominal) groups of persons from the target audience. Groups are segmented in terms of their demographic profiles. Persons of the group are encouraged to fruitfully discuss different possibl e advertisements. Experiences, attitudes and opinions are discussed in the focus groups. Various views are ex diversenessd and explored during the discussion. The main advantage of the context of the group is the ability of group dynamics to bring brisk ideas and to encourage the debate on the issue.To successfully address the research objectives, minimum four group discussions should be conducted. The complexities involved in the target audience of campaign and the sectionalisation of the participants determine the number of groups that should be involved while conducting the research._SEGMENTATION_The first task in designing the research is to determine the target audience.This is followed by finding out the most suitable approach that allow for be used to segment the target audience into different groups. The class is done on the basis of demographic profile such as age and sex.The following segmentation may be used if the objective of the campaign is to motivate smokers who aged 16 to 50 years to quit smoking.To design the research project and the inclusion of the participants in different groups, the following procedure should be adoptedDifferent groups should include only smokers (that is those who smoke at least quintette cigarettes in a day). Occasional smokers should not be include.Only those smokers should be included who are recollecting to quit smoking in the next one year or some other time in the future. Smokers who are resistant to change should not be included.Only those smokers who jibe suitable socio-demographic profiles should be included to hypothesise the smoking population. That is, all smokers should be from lower socio-economic group if the target group represents lower socio-economic status.People who are involved in promotion of healthy programmes, market research or having employment in cigarette companies should not be included.To design the project and the inclusion of participants, in addition to the above, some additional criteria are also worth packing. Consideration of these additional criteria forgeting depend upon the characteristics of the smoker population, objectives of communication of the advertisements and the specific campaigns aims. These additional criteria might contain the followingsWhether the conduct of the research should be in different locations, such as farming(prenominal) or urban or semi-urban.Whether the parents who are smokers should be included.Whether non-smokers and ex-smokers should be included in the research.In each focus group discussion, normally there is a enlisting of eight toten smokers. Many propagation it is better to recruit ten persons as all the people who are recruited pull up stakes not attend at the given up time and one should expect that heptad or eight persons will attend. The constructive discussion on the issues and fruitful fundamental interaction may be held with this number._GROUP DISCUSSION barbel_A room or a hall should be used for cond ucting group discussion. The group discussion involve to be arranged in a TV room where participants can see TV each other and the faculty. The discussions should be save for further review and synopsis if this is not possible proper notes should be pull after each group. The research sponsor shall fill-up a form after completion of each group which will contain the group number, advertisement name and member. Participants shall put away themselves to each other and further report shall be given by the in charge of the group.The participants shall be distributed a set of forms for each Ad and final exam rascal after rank of all the advertisements. from each one member shall view each of the advertisements and rate the same to have an individual determination without any pressure of the group. This shall result in healthier discussions in the group for exploration in detail.The tape of the advertisement for all the ads shall be run twice and halt and the participants ma ke ranges thereafter. Thereafter, the in charge of the group shall ask all the participants to complete the final page of rating and collect the same.The order of displaying the ads should be charged to overcome the also of preferential order in which these are present.It is necessary for the organizer to record the different number and name of the ad on the top before handing over. afterwards, he will keep the ads in the order these are shown for each group. The ads should bear a short title in the requisite musculus quadriceps femoris before handing over the forms.Conversation mingled with the participants and the moderator shall be held through open discussions where participants shall have freedom to speak openly. Participants may grimace different questions from the moderator. search Assistant shall keep record notes of the discussions and observations, which shall based on attention, credit and communication of the smokers and lastly the effect of the ad or the smokers. The Research staff should take notes, include quotations from participants and make concluding observations from the groups as per the themes give belowWhether the advertisement will be noticed by the smokers.Whether the smokers will find the advertisement as relevant to them.What kinds of messages will be conveyed to the smokers.Whether there will be effect of the advertisement on smoking.Whether there will be any unintended consequences of the advertisement.4. DATA NALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS_RATING SHEETS_ by and by the completion of all the groups, all the rating sheets should be collated and the analysis of results should begin. The percentage of persons who justifiedly identify the core message of the advertisement in either of the first two questions should also be calculated for each advertisement. Calculation should also be make for the percentage of persons who made definitely wrong(p) interpretation of the core message. This will provide the numerical scores for the t hemes of communication and unintended consequences. The scorer should decide in advance what is the core message of each advertisement and what will be taken as a correct core message to determine how to score responses of the people.The percentage of personswho agree or disagree with each advertisement should be computed for each advertisement. A unofficial of the preferences of the people should be made by comparing these percentages for each advertisement. The percentage of persons who declare each advertisement as the most effective to quit or devising an attempt to quit smoking should be computed on the final advertisement rating page. The same kind of rigorous analysis can be conducted by calculate the percentage of each demographic group in terms of males and females, adults and youths etc._GROUP DISCUSSION_ After the completion of all the groups, the note victorious form prepared by the Research Staff should be collated. The core themes and research objectives should b e taken into measure while analyzing results for each advertisement. The results should be analyzed in terms of the following parametersAttention relevanceMessageEffectUnintended consequencesIt should be ensured that from each group, all the issues and opinions have been taken into consideration. This can be achieved by fetching additional notes (if required) after listening or watching the recordings of each group. One should consider only the opinions which are the most common. It is very important to judge whether an advertisement will be effective or not if only a mall number of participants express their opinions.It should be ensured by the research worker that all ranges of responses have been taken into account and not just the responses that confirm alreadyestablished findings and conclusions. When advertisements are compared and preferences are considered, it should be taken into account that the most wish advertisement of the group may not necessarily the best advertise ment or anti smoking campaign. The advertisement should be effective and not necessarily want by the participants. The advertisement which achieves the most objectives of the campaign is considered as the best advertisement. For this, advertisement needs to be noticed, to be relevant, to be able communicate the desired message and to barrack smokers to quit smoking._COMBINED RESEARCH INFORMATION_To strike the advertisement, which is most likely to fulfill the campaign objectives, the results obtained from the rating sheets and the discussion analysis should be combined and compared. The analysis of rating sheets will tell about comparison of the different advertisements on different important dimensions. The analysis of focus group discussion will explain about these differences.5. RECOMMENDATIONSWhile designing the effective advertisement campaign, one should take into account the target group for which the advertisement campaign has been designed. The campaign which is more eff ective for adults, may not necessarily effective for youths. While designing the advertisement campaign for youths, it should contain the following message themes wild-eyed rejection, smokers as negative role models, ill-effect of passive smoking, celebrities refusing to smoke, involvement of role models describing the ill-effects of smoking.When targeting adults, the Emotional Consequences campaign will be more effective as it will make them think about the impact of their smoking on children, friends and other family members. In last, it is recommended that one should conduct the effects of advertisement campaign on outcome. Thus, pre and post test of any advertisement campaign should be conducted.REFERENCESTeenage Smoking attitudes in 1996. Office for National Statistics, 1997Goddard, E. common Household Survey 2006 Smoking and inebriation among adults 2006. Office for National Statistics, 2008.Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 2007. The Informat ion Centre for health and Social Care, 2007 View reportBewley B.R, day I, Ide L. Smoking by children in not bad(p) Britain. MRC Social Science Research Council, 1972.Dobbs J, marshland A. Smoking among secondary schoolchildren. HMSO, 1982.Hamilton JL. The demand for cigarettes advertising, thehealth scare, and the cigarette advertising ban. _Review of Economics and Statistics_ 197454401-11.Lewit EM, Coate D, Grossman M. The effects of government regulation on teenaged smoking. _Journal of fairness and Economics_ 198124545-69.Schneider L, Klein B, Murphy KM. governmental regulation of cigarette health information. _Journal of Law and Economics_ 198124575-611.Schuster CP, Powell CP. 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